Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Coronavirus/epidemiología , Promoción de la Salud , Esquemas de Inmunización , Neumonía Viral/epidemiología , Cobertura de Vacunación/tendencias , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Vacunas contra la Influenza/uso terapéutico , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/uso terapéutico , Pandemias , Vacuna contra la Tos Ferina/uso terapéutico , Embarazo , SARS-CoV-2 , Medicina Estatal , Reino Unido/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Incidence and severity of SARS-CoV2 infection are significantly lower in children and teenagers proposing that certain vaccines, routinely administered to neonates and children may provide cross-protection against this emerging infection. OBJECTIVE: To assess the cross-protection induced by prior measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccinations against COVID-19. METHODS: The antibody responses to MMR and tetanus vaccines were determined in 53 patients affected with SARS-CoV2 infection and 52 age-matched healthy subjects. Serum levels of antibodies specific for NP and RBD of SARS-CoV2 were also determined in both groups of subjects with ELISA. RESULTS: Our results revealed significant differences in anti-NP (P<0.0001) and anti-RBD (P<0.0001) IgG levels between patients and healthy controls. While the levels of rubella- and mumps specific IgG were not different in the two groups of subjects, measles-specific IgG was significantly higher in patients (P<0.01). The serum titer of anti-tetanus antibody, however, was significantly lower in patients compared to healthy individuals (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that measles vaccination triggers those B cells cross-reactive with SARS-CoV2 antigens leading to the production of increased levels of measles-specific antibody.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Antígenos Virales/inmunología , COVID-19/inmunología , Inmunización , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/uso terapéutico , SARS-CoV-2/inmunología , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Linfocitos B/inmunología , Linfocitos B/virología , Biomarcadores/sangre , COVID-19/sangre , COVID-19/diagnóstico , COVID-19/virología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Protección Cruzada , Reacciones Cruzadas , Femenino , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Humanos , Masculino , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/inmunología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Toxoide Tetánico/inmunología , Toxoide Tetánico/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Despite the development and deployment of effective COVID-19 vaccines, many regions remain poorly covered. Seeking alternative tools for achieving immunity against COVID-19 remains to be of high importance. "Trained immunity" is the nonspecific immune response usually established through administering live attenuated vaccines and is a potential preventive tool against unrelated infections. Evidence regarding a possible protective role for certain live attenuated vaccines against COVID-19 has emerged mainly for those administered as part of childhood vaccination protocols. This review summarizes the relevant literature about the potential impact of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccines on COVID-19. Existing available data suggest a potential role for BCG and MMR in reducing COVID-19 casualties and burden. However, more investigation and comparative studies are required for a better understanding of their impact on COVID-19 outcomes.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Paperas , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán) , Vacuna BCG/uso terapéutico , COVID-19/prevención & control , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/uso terapéutico , Paperas/epidemiología , Paperas/prevención & control , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán)/prevención & control , Vacunación , Vacunas Atenuadas/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Clinical studies are ongoing to assess whether existing vaccines may afford protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection through trained immunity. In this exploratory study, we analyze immunization records from 137,037 individuals who received SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests. We find that polio, Haemophilus influenzae type-B (HIB), measles-mumps-rubella (MMR), Varicella, pneumococcal conjugate (PCV13), Geriatric Flu, and hepatitis A/hepatitis B (HepA-HepB) vaccines administered in the past 1, 2, and 5 years are associated with decreased SARS-CoV-2 infection rates, even after adjusting for geographic SARS-CoV-2 incidence and testing rates, demographics, comorbidities, and number of other vaccinations. Furthermore, age, race/ethnicity, and blood group stratified analyses reveal significantly lower SARS-CoV-2 rate among black individuals who have taken the PCV13 vaccine, with relative risk of 0.45 at the 5 year time horizon (n: 653, 95% CI (0.32, 0.64), p-value: 6.9e-05). Overall, this study identifies existing approved vaccines which can be promising candidates for pre-clinical research and Randomized Clinical Trials towards combating COVID-19.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19/prevención & control , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , COVID-19/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Vacunas contra Haemophilus/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Inmunización , Lactante , Vacunas contra la Influenza/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/uso terapéutico , Persona de Mediana Edad , Vacunas Neumococicas/uso terapéutico , Vacunas contra Poliovirus/uso terapéutico , Factores Protectores , SARS-CoV-2/aislamiento & purificación , Vacunas Conjugadas/uso terapéutico , Vacunas contra Hepatitis Viral/uso terapéutico , Adulto JovenAsunto(s)
COVID-19/prevención & control , Personal de Salud , Transmisión de Enfermedad Infecciosa de Paciente a Profesional/prevención & control , Enfermedades Profesionales/prevención & control , Equipo de Protección Personal , COVID-19/transmisión , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/uso terapéutico , Portador Sano/transmisión , Humanos , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/uso terapéutico , Respiradores N95 , Profilaxis Pre-Exposición , SARS-CoV-2Asunto(s)
COVID-19/prevención & control , Vacunas contra la Influenza/uso terapéutico , Gripe Humana/prevención & control , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/uso terapéutico , Sarampión/prevención & control , Hospitalización/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2RESUMEN
COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. This novel coronavirus disease, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has resulted in severe and unprecedented social and economic disruptions globally. Since the discovery of COVID-19 in December 2019, numerous antivirals have been tested for efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and also clinically to treat this disease. This review article discusses the main antiviral strategies currently employed and summarizes reported in vitro and in vivo efficacies of key antiviral compounds in use.